Youth Gangs And The Cognitive And Social Learning Theory

Abstract: This paper will discuss the correlation of youth gangs and how the cognitive and social learning theory comes in to play, and why female and male juveniles end up in the system. It will touch bases on how youth surroundings have a lot to do with the decisions they choose to make and the life style they end up living. Gangs usually recruit youth off the street, if a child sees that being a part of a gang is an everyday thing and is normal then they will be influenced more to do that. The cognitive theory ultimately states that a child learns from observing and from there environment. This essay will touch on the different statistics and the reasoning for youth gangs and gangs in general, it will also show statics of youth who are apart of gangs and are incarcerated. It will also show how it correlates with the cognitive theory and social learning theory. Gangs originated naturally during the adolescent years of a child. They started from small play groups that eventually found themselves in conflict with other small groups of youth. Due to the conflict between the two small groups of youth it became a part of a child’s mind set to come together as a gang and protect their rights and satisfy the needs that their environment and families couldn’t provide. There are about 24,500 gangs in the U.S and out of those gangs 40% of them are juveniles (Hess, Orthmann, Wright, 2013). There are numerous reason why a child would join a gang, and theShow MoreRelatedDelinquent Youth Subcultures1636 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Delinquent Youth Subcultures A subculture is an offshoot of referential cultural but in essence very different from culture. The term subculture is commonly employed to signify shared systems of common values, norms and interests that distinguish certain people and societies from others. Thus, criminal or delinquent subcultures indicate systems of standards, morals and interests that endorse criminal or delinquent behavior. The numerous activities categorized in law as criminal are related toRead MoreEffective Tactics to Reduce Juvenile School Shootings Essay2779 Words   |  12 Pagesgreater in inner-cities as opposed to suburban and rural areas. An evaluation of school violence and gun possession in these areas is important to understand in order to draw significant solutions. According to Redding and Shalf (2001), inner-city youth most often carry guns to school because they are scared. Surveying students in ten inner-city high schools in four states, they found that 15% of the high school students surve yed owned a gun; 70% of them reported doing so for protection. Twenty-eightRead More Criminology Psychological Theories Essay1981 Words   |  8 PagesSocial Psychology is a field that attempts understated how thoughts, behavior and feelings are influenced by the implied presence, actual or imagined presence of others. Social influence involves the exercise of social power by a person or a group to change the altitudes or behaviour of others in a particular direction. Social power refers t o the â€Å"force available to the influencer to motivate change† (Allport, 1985). Young people are more prone to social influence due to need for conformity withRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency And Juvenile Crime Essay2267 Words   |  10 Pageswell as juvenile gangs are interesting and popular topic in the world of criminal justice. What criminological theories tie in with the problems of juvenile delinquency, juvenile gangs, and the reasons why juveniles do what they do? This paper explains the theories that tie in with the why, and how juveniles end up the way they do. Using the different theories explained in this paper you could hypothesize an explanation as to why the juvenile committed a crime or joined a gang. This paper touchesRead MoreTV To Blame For Rising Violence Essay examples932 Words   |  4 Pagesis a benchmark in the field of the Social Learning Theory. My second assumption is that the crime rate is affected by portrayals of other moral issues than violence on television. In the article Sir Edward Crew, the head of West Midlands police said of increases in violent crime, ` These increases are hardly surprising given the constant diet of aggression, undress, innuendo and dishonesty. Kohlberg (1976) is useful here because his work includes his theory of moral development which can easilyRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pagesresponsibility and draconian penalties (Jenson Howard, 1998; Melton, Petrila, Poythress, Slobogin, 2007). These individuals react to this obvious social crisis with an attempt to fight the phenomenon with curbing the symptoms but without considering the causes which are created socially. When trying to combat this phenomenon, one has to be aware of the social contexts of juvenile delinquency. Of course, the postulate of personal responsibility has to be maintained, however, the statistics that showRead MoreChildren s Parents Adopt Effective Parenting Skills1720 Words   |  7 Pagesdepression, anxiety, and aggression (McKinney et al.,2016). According to prior research, Latino children express more externalizing and internalizing behaviors than European-American children (Holtrop, McNeil Smith, Scott, 2015). Studies show that youth of Latino immigrant parents have lower rates of drug use and sexual risk taking, and are more likely to succeed in school when their parents are involved, knowledgeable, and supportive (Behnke et al., 2008). Latino immigrant parents are faced withRead MoreCause And Effects Of Juvenile Delinquency1458 Words   |  6 Pagesand violent during early youth (below age twelve) posed a higher probability of continuity of offending into the adult phase, in which a Pittsburgh Youth Study notes that 52-57% of juvenile delinquents maintain continuity of offending up to 25 years of age (National Institute of Justice, 2014). The continuity of offending varied according to the offense, in which selling drugs (17.0) and weapons possession (17.3) posed the highest likely duration and persistence whereas, gang association (15.9) posedRead MoreEssay about A Criminal in the Making1292 Words   |  6 Pagesone theory, but I feel that with two or more theories combined; we could have a criminal in the making. Early criminologist theorized that certain people were simply born criminals; believing that one could tell who would be a criminal by their physical appearance and characteristics. Since those days, criminologists have produced multiple theories on why people commit crimes; due to the different types of criminals today, it is nearly impossible to place them all under one theory. Theories suchRead MoreSocial Learning Theory and Its Application to Aggression Essay examples2587 Words   |  11 PagesSocial learning theory proposes that social learning occurs when the individual views a modeled behavior that they value, observes an act if the model has a role model or admired status, and when a person imitates a learned behavior (Bandura, Ribes-Inesta, 1976). The basic foundations of the theory are applied to education policies, understanding psychological disorders, training courses, behavioral modeling, in the media and has a plethora of further applications in today’s society. Another application

Teaching Methods For An Educator - 1627 Words

The ability to read is the utmost significant factor behind a child’s educational outcome, thus for an educator to impart the skills of literacy on to a student is the most important aspect of primary school education. The art of reading is a multifaceted process that expands on spoken language, it requires the mastering of a progressive set of skills which nurture a phonemic and Phonological awareness, builds a proficiency in decoding competencies and requires the capability to implement comprehension strategies. An insight into these skills are outlined within a framework comprised of six dynamics commonly referred to as ‘the big six’. These foundation elements are essential in the reading process, and the means in which these skill sets†¦show more content†¦Doing this helps a teacher plan learning experiences that best harmonises with the needs of the child (Winch, Johnston, March, Ljungdahl, Holliday, 2014). It is good practise to retain these assess ment results as the commencement of a running record on each child. Utilising running records enables teachers to secure a comprehensive and accurate assessment of a student’s reading ability (Department of Education and Child Development, 2012). As this assessment information follows the progression of a student’s reading development throughout their primary years it helps identify children that are struggling early in their journey (Department of Education and Child Development, 2012). Determining a student’s level of phonological awareness, does the student hear, analyse and manipulate the sounds and syllables of spoken words? Do they understand speech is a combination of separate words? Does the child distinguish the individual sounds or phenomes that form syllables? Can they identify rhyming words? Do they blend or exchange sounds to make new word combinations? These are the questions educators need to firstly find answers too and secondly teach in order to tutor children in reading (Reid Lyon, 2008). It is crucial to build upon a child’s phonemic awareness, if children struggle to isolate the sounds of spoken word, it will be difficult for them to relate these sounds to their represented letters (FellowsShow MoreRelatedTeaching Phonics Is An Essential Part Of A Child s Education1641 Words   |  7 Pages Understanding phonics is an essential part of a child’s education, as the knowledge they develop will assist them to read and write. Educators must have an understanding of phonics to teach it effectively. Teachers need to support students to learn what sounds, letters make, which is a phoneme. Educators also need to assist students to make the connection with the letters and their names, which is called graphemes (Tompkins, Campbell, Green, Smith, 2015, p. 142). Understanding that each letterRead MoreEducators Perceptions Of Debriefing1613 Words   |  7 PagesEducators’ Perceptions of Debriefing While developing and completing a simulation experience for students is an significant role for educators, knowing how to debrief students following a simulation has been deemed as equal if not more important because the majority of learning occurs during this time period (Mariani, et al., 2013). Educators have identified varying methods of debriefing, but most of them have central themes. Most methods include some form of â€Å"critique, correction, evaluationRead MoreStudent Motivation And Academic Success1568 Words   |  7 Pagesimportant for teachers to attempt to connect with students in the classroom. Adjusting instructional methods that focus on students’ learning preferences/styles can increase student motivation and can lead to academic success.   Studies have been conducted to determine if teaching methods, learning preferences/styles and motivation can predict academic success in college. Some of the challenges facing educators in college classrooms across t he nation include: how to make valuable connection with studentsRead MoreMy Philosophy On Education : My Goals As An Educator978 Words   |  4 PagesPhilosophy on Education My goal as an educator is to develop a strong personal relationship with each and every one of my students’. In doing this, my students should feel comfortable coming to me with a problem they may be facing. I want my students to be critical thinkers. I want my students to have the desire to learn and to question everything. I feel that if there is a lot of interaction going on between my students and I; learning is happening. The teaching method that I would be incorporating intoRead MoreEmerson Rhetorical Analysis Essay595 Words   |  3 PagesEducation is damaged and he knows of a solution – the educators. He develops this claim by first introducing the paradox linking â€Å"Genius and Drill†, expressing his ideal method of teaching. Throughout the essay, Emerson tends to have a condemning tone against the educator but towards the end he changes it into a comforting one. Emerson’s purpose is to present an alternative style of teaching in order to persu ade educators to use the teaching method by using paradoxes, rhetorical questions, and shiftsRead MoreThe Benefits Of Active Learning And Student Centered Teaching Strategies Improve Motivation And Performance Among Nursing Students1173 Words   |  5 Pagesnurse educators faced in engaging students and cultivating new nursing graduates with skills benefitting societal and professional sustainability. The aim of this paper is to determine by integrative review whether active learning and student-centered teaching strategies improve motivation and performance among nursing students. Active learning strategies such as reflection, simulation, and feedback can increase motivation to learn in nursing students. Acknowledging successful teaching strategiesRead MoreThe Role Of Nurse Educator Essay1132 Words   |  5 Pagesnew to the role of nurse or educator, but to the role of nursing educator. My motivation to teach future generations of nurses prompted my transition from a clinical nurse to an academic nurse educator. My interest in teaching comes from my own positive experiences as an undergraduate student and from a love of learning. My educational philosophy is a work in progress as I continue to grow as a nurse, educator, and scholar of nursing education. As a novice nursing educator today, I plan on progressingRead MoreOverview of Education in Health Care1171 Words   |  5 PagesHealth Care Historical Foundations of the Nurse Educator Role †¢ Health education has long been considered a standard care-giving role of the nurse. †¢ Patient teaching is recognized as an independent nursing function. †¢ Nursing practice has expanded to include education in the broad concepts of health and illness. Organizations and Agencies Promulgating Standards and Mandates: 1. NLNE (NLN) ï‚ § first observed health teaching as an important function within the scope of nursing practice Read More Philosophy of Teaching Essay1107 Words   |  5 PagesPhilosophy of Teaching Twelve years ago, I was not interested in becoming a teacher. I was content with my life. Then, I had two wonderful children. As they became school age, my opinion of teachers was immensely altered. I have spent countless hours within my children’s school, became personally connected to the wonderful individuals who were their teachers, and developed a respect for these tireless workers. These individuals have created a desire within me to enhance children’s lives andRead MoreImproving Student Motivation And Performance Are Improved With Active Learning And Student Centered Teaching Strategies1180 Words   |  5 Pages(McGarry, Theobald, Lewis, Coyer, 2015, p. 967). The researchers understood the challenges nurse educators faced in engaging students and cultivating new nursing graduates with skills benefitting societal and professional sustainability. The aim of this paper is to determine by integrative review whether nursing student motivation and performance are i mproved with active learning and student-centered teaching strategies. Active learning strategies such as reflection, simulation, and feedback can increase

Plot and subplot Essay Example For Students

Plot and subplot Essay The play is set in Victorian Norway. Mrs Nora Helmer and Mr Torvald Helmer seem, on the surface to live a very happy middle class life. But from the outset of the play we see that there may be cracks in this relationship. In the first scene we see Nora lie to her husband about eating macaroons. The way that her husband talks to her is very patronising in this section and the rest of the play. Has my little songbird been indulging herself in town today? We can see therefore, from the outset that Torvald treats Nora as a chid, and consequently they cannot have a healthy adult relationship. We also find in this section a key idea to the plays plot. Her husband continually calls her a spendthrift. This statement is justified as we see that in the beginning of the play Nora tips the porter heavily. We also learn of hteir attitudes to taking out loans. Nora is trying to persuade Helmer to take out a loan to pay for Christmas. He replies, Nora you know how I feel about this, never borrow, no debts! Later that day Noras old friend Mrs Christine Linde visits her. Mrs Linde also treats Nora like a child. In retaliation to this Nora proves she is not a child by revealing her great secret. She tells Mrs Linde of how she saved her husbands life by taking out a loan to pay for him to go to Italy. Mrs Linde is shocked because she knows the trouble Nora may get into by taking out a loan without the permission of a man in her family. Mrs Linde asks Nora if she may be able to persuade Helmer to offer her a job as he has now become the manager of a bank. While Mrs Linde is visiting a man named Mr Krogstad arrives to visit Mr Helmer. Both women have strange reactions to his arrival. After Mrs Linde leaves we find out that Mr Krogstad is the man who leant Nora the money. We also realise that Mr Krogstad knows that Nora took out the loan without permission from a male member of her family because Nora signed the papers in her fathers name 3 days after he had died. Mr Krogstad uses this to his advantage. They both know that he could get Nora in serious trouble and so he blackmails her. He is currently working at the bank which Mr Helmer is about to overtake. Mr Helmer does not like Krogstad as Krogstad also once forged a signature. Krogstad tells Nora she must make Helmer keep him on at the bank, if she does not he will tell her husband what she has done. When Torvald returns he has seen Krogstad leaving the house. He asks Nora if Krogstad had been there and she lies and tells him know. When he tells her he knows Krogstad has been there he reprimands her like a child, My little songbird must never do that again. A songbird must have a clean beak to sing with or shell start twittering out of tune. Torvald explains to Nora why he dislikes Mr Krogstad so much- because he forged someone elses name. He explains to Nora that now his children will be poisoned by his lies. The scene ends with Nora questioning herself if she too is poisoning her children. Mrs Linde comes to talk to Nora and the conversation turns to Dr Rank. Nora tells Mrs Linde of how she can talk to Dr Rank. While Mrs Linde is out of the room Nora again pleads with Helmer to protect Krogstads job at the bank.. Torvald gets annoyed at her and so immediately writes a letter to Krogstad sacking him. Dr Rank arrives to tell Nora that he is dying and that when he goes into hospital he doesnt want them to visit so he shall send them a note with a black cross on it so they know he is at his end. Nora then tries to flirt with Dr Rank to cheer him up but it backfires when Dr Rank tells her he loves her. .u75825ebc65fddba768be30b87e13a3c3 , .u75825ebc65fddba768be30b87e13a3c3 .postImageUrl , .u75825ebc65fddba768be30b87e13a3c3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u75825ebc65fddba768be30b87e13a3c3 , .u75825ebc65fddba768be30b87e13a3c3:hover , .u75825ebc65fddba768be30b87e13a3c3:visited , .u75825ebc65fddba768be30b87e13a3c3:active { border:0!important; } .u75825ebc65fddba768be30b87e13a3c3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u75825ebc65fddba768be30b87e13a3c3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u75825ebc65fddba768be30b87e13a3c3:active , .u75825ebc65fddba768be30b87e13a3c3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u75825ebc65fddba768be30b87e13a3c3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u75825ebc65fddba768be30b87e13a3c3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u75825ebc65fddba768be30b87e13a3c3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u75825ebc65fddba768be30b87e13a3c3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u75825ebc65fddba768be30b87e13a3c3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u75825ebc65fddba768be30b87e13a3c3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u75825ebc65fddba768be30b87e13a3c3 .u75825ebc65fddba768be30b87e13a3c3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u75825ebc65fddba768be30b87e13a3c3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Divided We Speak EssayDr Rank leaves to see Helmer and Krogstad arrives to talk in secret with Nora he tells her hes lost his job and says he will tell her husband. He says that he will now not just be satisfied with getting his job back, he wants a promotion. He tells he not to do anything drastic such as suicide as it will kill her husbands reputation. As Mrs Linde returns Krogstad leaves a letter to Torvald explaining everything in the locked letterbox to which only Helmer has the key. Nora breaks down and tells her that it was Krogstad she borrowed money from. Mrs Linde decides to go to talk to Krogstad to see if there is anything she can do to stop him. As she leaves Torvald enters with the intention of opening his letters. Nora desperately tries to distract him by practicing her dance she will perform at the ball that night, The Tarantella. She is so worked up and hysterical she dances frantically, which keeps Torvald occupied. Her plan has worked, for now anyway and Torvald agrees not to open the letter till after the dance. In the next Scene Krogstad and Christine meet in secret at the Helmers, while they are at the dance. We learn here that Christine and Krogstad were once in love but that Christine married someone else because they were rich and she had to support her family. They talk and realise they are still in love. Krogstad says he will talk to Mr Helmer and ask for his letter back but Christine tells him to leave it there, as Helmer must know the truth. Dr Rank arrives as Mrs Linde leaves and puts his Black cross in the letterbox, announcing he is close to death. Then Torvald reads Noras letter. Torvald reacts in a way Nora did not expect at all. She thought he would perform The Miracle and take the blame but he shouts at her. He is so angry at her he says she is not responsible enough to be left with the children anymore. Suddenly another letter arrives from Krogstad it is the I. O. U. Torvald realises now that his reputation cant be damaged and so suddenly forgives Nora and pretends everything is as it was. But Nora realises everything is not the same. She realises that he does not understand her and even though they have been married eight years they do not know each other and have never had a serious talk together. She realises she has never really loved him, only had fun with him. She decides to leave him so she may find out the truth about herself and life. This play has many themes and parallels in it. First is the thought of corrupting your children. This is expressed in the fact that Torvald says Krogstad has corrupted his children by his forgery, that Dr Ranks father has corrupted him by his promiscuity and therefore given him syphilis and that Nora is corrupting her children with her lie. The second is the parallel between Christine and Nora. Nora has led her sheltered life with Helmer but is now going out in the world to be herself. Mrs Linde however has always had a hard life trying to support her family and now she is together with Krogstad she will have someone to look after her and care for her.

Economy of America for GDP Growth Rate - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theEconomy of America for GDP Growth Rate. Answer: Outline Of The Nations Gdp History Figure 1: GDP growth rate Taking look on past 30 years data of gross domestic production of the United States of America, a cyclical pattern in the fluctuation can be identified. This fluctuation over period of time stem from various macroeconomic, political, international phenomenon and so on. During 1990 and 1991 the growth rate of GDP has been very poor recording -0.1% in 1991 The ongoing recession is the reason behind such. From then till 1999 the growth rate showed increasing rate but fell in 2000 due to tech bubble crash. In the 2001, the growth rate fell and became nearly 1% than the previous year. The terrorist attack of 9/11 was the driving reason behind this downfall. The growth rate increased thereafter but then again stumbled in 2007 that led to negative growth rate till 2009 due to bank and financial crisis. Recently the growth rate has declined after a fluctuation due to the current presidential issues and changes going on. Year GDP Growth Rate(in %) Real GDP(in $ trillion) 1986 3.5 $7.86 1987 3.5 $8.133 1988 4.2 $8.48 1989 3.7 $8.79 1990 1.9 $8.96 1991 -0.1 $8.95 1992 3.6 $9.27 1993 2.7 $9.52 1994 4 $9.905 1995 2.7 $10.18 1996 3.8 $10.56 1997 4.5 $11.04 1998 4.5 $11.53 1999 4.7 $12.07 2000 4.1 $12.56 2001 1 $12.68 2002 1.8 $12.91 2003 2.8 $13.27 2004 3.8 $13.77 2005 3.3 $14.23 2006 2.7 $14.61 2007 1.7 $14.87 2008 -0.3 $14.83 2009 -2.8 $14.42 2010 2.5 $14.78 2011 1.6 $15.02 2012 2.2 $15.36 2013 1.7 $15.61 2014 2.6 $16.01 2015 2.9 $16.47 2016 1.5 $16.72 Figure 2: GDP of USA Measures of Expanding Production Possibility In terms of nominal GDP USA is worlds topmost country that holds second position in the world economy as per purchasing power parity. The country is dominated by service sector production accounting to 79.5% of the GDP followed by 19.4% contributed by industrial sector and only 1.1% of GDP is reflected through agricultural sector. The country is enriched in its science and technology and incurs huge investment in research and development. USA being worlds second largest manufacturer leads in manufacturing of airplanes. Moreover it is the greatest produces of military and defence equipment and exports to the world. The country is abundant in resources and comes up with newer technology to reap the benefit of the resources through enough investment in technology. Growth of capital accumulation along with enhancing human capital and restricted population leads to increased per capita wealth and GDP expanding the economic activities beyond the production possibilities. GDP OF USA, JAPAN CHINA China and Japan are the two of global economies that are well comparable with USA since they follow the country in terms of GDP and performance of economic indicators. The recent data analysis shows that both the USA ad Japan records GDP growth rate near about 1-1.5% whereas China experienced growth rate of 6.7%. Even though three of them are large mixed market economy and producer of manufacturer, the China faces more growth rate of GDP due to the fact it has largest and also growing consumer market. The demand emanating from this global and domestic market demand pushes more production and export as well as domestic consumption. USA has lesser growth rate compared to China du e to lesser market expansion. Notable Business Cycle Periods Business Cycle Reference Year Duration (in months) Peak Trough Contraction Expansion Aug 1929 Mar 1933 43 21 Feb 1945 Oct 1945 8 80 Dec 1969 Nov 1970 11 106 July 1990 Mar 1991 8 92 Mar 2000 Nov 2001 8 120 Dec 2007 June 2009 18 73 The above table depicts the major peaks and troughs recorded by the economy of USA overtime from 1930 till recent time. The great depression worlds longest economic recession took place in USA that led to contraction of the economy through 43 months continuously. After that many short term fluctuation was diagnosed in the country but the contraction period was not more than 18 months that took place recently in the subprime mortgage crisis and consequent global financial crisis. The largest expansion period has been followed by the 2001 recession that was almost 120 months during which the economy recovered and reached next peak. The recessions of 1970 and 1991 faced 106 and 92 months of expansion respectively. The recent global financial crisis made the economy face contraction for 18 months followed by expansion of 73 months due to the greater impact on the entire global economies of the world strongly connected to USA. Nation's Currency The official national currency is US dollar. For purposive benefit the dollar is subdivided into 100 small cents or 1000 mills. Federal Reserve Notes are denominated the US dollars forms the paper money in circulation. US dollar most used currency in the international trade and business transaction. As a result US dollars owns the importance of worlds primary reserve currency. Consumer Price Index The set of consumer prices for basket of goods and services in the country are well captured by the US Consumer Price Index. It is calculated and estimated by Bureau of Labour Statistics. The CPI of 2016 was 245.03 in terms of the base year 1982 when price level considered to be at 100. Canada has lower price level as compared to USA captured by the CPI being 130.50 in 2016. It can be seen compared to other growing nations of the world , the price level of USA is found to be more stemming from inflation. INFLATION Currently the inflation rate of the nation is 1.90% compared to last years 1.70%. The highest rate of inflation as faced by the nation is 23.70%. The sharp increase in USA has been due to consecutive expansions following frequent recessions and financial crisis. Moreover the expansion in the business and shortage of supply leads to higher growth in the price of raw materials. The cyclical upswings make primary input goods in the industrial production dearer. This indicates the cost-push inflation. Agricultural prices face the demand-pull inflation where price hikes based on the demand increased. Changes in supply of agricultural goods play the pivotal role in changing the price level. Existence of both cost push and demand pull inflation. Exchange Rate The exchange rate of national currency derives its value from the transaction and conversion of other currencies of other nations. Following are the exchange rates of USA with some of the nations. Figure 3: US dollar Exchange Rate (source: X-rates) Japan and India seem to have higher values of dollar compared to other countries who have negligible amount of value per US dollar. Reference Bernholz, P. (2015).Monetary Regimes and Inflation: History, economic and political relationships. Edward Elgar Publishing. Desai, R. (2013).Geopolitical Economy: After US Hegemony, Globalization and Empire (The Future of World Capitalism). Pluto Press. Desai, R. (2013).Geopolitical Economy: After US Hegemony, Globalization and Empire (The Future of World Capitalism). Pluto Press. Gordon, R. J. (2014).The demise of US economic growth: restatement, rebuttal, and reflections(No. w19895). National Bureau of Economic Research. Jorgenson, D., Gollop, F. M., Fraumeni, B. (2016).Productivity and US economic growth(Vol. 169). Elsevier. MacDonald, R., Stein, J. L. (Eds.). (2012).Equilibrium exchange rates(Vol. 69). Springer Science Business Media. Summers, L. H. (2014). US economic prospects: Secular stagnation, hysteresis, and the zero lower bound.Business Economics,49(2), 65-73.