Synthesis of Bromophenyl Essay - 275 Words

Synthesis of Bromophenyl (Lab Report Sample) Content: Name Course Tutor Date Synthesis of (1R,2S)-1-(m-Bromophenyl)-3-methyl-1,2-butanediolSynthesis of (1R,2S)-1-(m-Bromophenyl)-3-methyl-1,2-butanediol involves nine important steps.Step I:The reaction begins with the abstraction a chloride from 1-Chloro-3-methyl butane by the iron (III) chloride to from a carbanion. Since the Nitro-group is deactivated, the carbanion formed attacks the nitrobenzene at the meta-position (McMurry and Simanek 170). EMBED ChemDraw.Document.6.0 
Step II:Step II involves allylic bromination of benzene. N-Bromosuccinimide (NBS) is the reagent used commonly for this type of bromination as it provides a low concentration of molecular bromine. Each molecule of hydrogen bromide that is formed is converted into Br2 by NBS (Carey and Sunberg 371). Illumination of light facilitates the bromination process (Tabert 180). EMBED ChemDraw.Document.6.0 
Step III:This step involves the abstraction of a bromide to form a double bond potassium tert-butyl which is a strong, non-nucleophilic base. Step IV:This step involves epoxidation of alkenes using a peroxy acid. The reaction is regioselective since the two new C-O à Ã†â€™ bonds formation occur at the same time from the peroxy acid.HYPER13 EMBED ChemDraw.Document.6.0 
Step V:This step involves acidic hydration of the ether to form a diol. The hydrolysis process is a concerted one and stereospecific and forms anti diols (Wyatt and Warren 560) EMBED ChemDraw.Document.6.0 
Step VI:This step involves bromination of the nitrobenzene. The aluminium bromide abstracts a bromide from bromine molecule, and the bromide ion formed then attacks the benzene on meta-position since nitro-groups are meta-directors (McMurry and Simanek 170). EMBED ChemDraw.Document.6.0 
Step VII:In this step, the nitro-group is reduced to amino-group using tin metal in the presence of an acid. EMBED ChemDraw.Document.6.0 
Step XIII:In step xiii, sodium nitrate is used to remove the amino group from t he benzene ring at...

Essay about Religion

Essay about Religion Religion is an integral part of the life of modern society. It is closely related to the social, economic and political areas of people’s lives. Many sociologists have been studying this area for a long time. The main reason of such a huge interest is the great influence the religion has on the main functions in society. Religion has united all beliefs and, as the result, one moral community the church was created. The main practices, held by the religion, lie in the presence of rituals, which are a number of actions taken to deal with the sacred aspects. The main principles of such rituals include the behavior patterns to regulate people’s life. The forms of rituals can be of a different nature: singing, praying, sharing food, etc. One of the functions of any of such rituals is bringing together the believers of this or that religion. For example, Christianity is the religion, which is based on the principal teaching of Jesus Christ, on his life and deeds. Originally, it started in Palestine and was then spread all over the world. It is well-known that Christianity is not the only one religion in the world. Along with it there are also: Buddhism, Islam and many others. It’s important to mention atheists too. Atheism is rejection of God’s existence. But here’s what I think, atheism – is also a kind of religion and belief – belief in non-existence of the sacred power. We can believe or we can reject, but in the time of sorrow we somehow all appeal to God. That is why it is important to respect different kinds of faiths, make a choice for yourself and do not argue about the features of the other ones.

A Brief Note On Western Civilization Since 1648 - 1116 Words

James Albright Dr. Amy Powers Western Civilization Since 1648 8 November 2015 World War I Aircrafts and the way they are used has greatly changed over the course of the two wars. Before and during WWI, airplanes were primitive, made of wood and canvas and were not able to flying long distances or carrying little weight. During the early years of the first war, they were used as methods of reconnaissance and to spy on enemy lines. the Germans had planes with mounted Fokker machine guns at the front which could effectively fire through the prop, turning the airplane into an offensive weapon. â€Å"Airplanes were used almost exclusively for reconnaissance, though occasional â€Å"dogfights† did occur between German and Allied pilots.† This new innovation gave birth to air combat and â€Å"dogfights† (Western Civilization, pg. 582) . Aviation aces during this time included, Billy Bishop, The Red Baron and Rene Fonck, each with over 70 victories. By 1917, airplanes were proving to play a significant role in. During the short-lived prosperity of the 1920â⠂¬â„¢s, the aviation industry saw great new advances to lead them into World War II. The First World War displayed trench warfare, â€Å"Up you go,†he says,†it’s our turn.† proving to be a one of its kind type of battlefield. When two armies collided on a front, they dug down underneath to fortify their ground. Soldiers would try to hop over the top and run to enemy trenches in an attempt to capture them. The objective in this type of warfare is toShow MoreRelated The Role of the Individual and Society in the Late 19th Century, Nationalism1994 Words   |  8 Pagessystem and benefit all of the people of the nation. The King and the monarchy, however, stood to benefit most from the increase of wealth brought on by nationalism. Since the monarchy controlled the government, they could do as they saw fit with the money that the nation accumulated. The King had the most control over the economy since he was an absolute monarch and had no checks on his power. In the case of Germany and Italy, the monarchy wanted to use the monetary gain in order to support a strongRead MoreEssay about Human Beings and Nature: The Scientific Revolution1689 Words   |  7 Pagesand control it. Nature was no longer something to be feared, but it was something to be used for ones advantage. END NOTES: 1. Perry M. Rogers, et al. Aspects of Western Civilization Third Edition Volume II (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall 1997), 13. 2. Rogers, 15. 3. Donald Kagan, et al. The Western Heritage Brief Edition Volume II: Since 1648 (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall 1996), 342. 4. Rogers, 7. 5. Rogers, 18. 6. Rogers, 16. 7. RogersRead MoreThe Great Northwoods Essay7709 Words   |  31 Pages In conclusion, the manner that I have chosen to write this paper was presented to me by my sources. Of the few sources that I was able to garner dealing solely with the Nicolet National Forest, each followed the same general outline. And, since importance was stressed upon these areas already by established historians, I felt that it should not be ignored. The first major exploration that bears particular relevance to the Nicolet National Forest begins with the exploits of JamesRead MoreInstitution as the Fundamental Cause of Long Tern Growth39832 Words   |  160 PagesNorth (1990, p. 3) oï ¬â‚¬ers the following deï ¬ nition: â€Å"Institutions are the rules of the game in a society or, more formally, are the humanly devised constraints that shape human interaction.† He goes on to emphasize the key implications of institutions since, â€Å"In consequence they structure incentives in human exchange, whether political, social, or economic.† Of primary importance to economic outcomes are the economic institutions in society such as the structure of property rights and the presence and

Wal-Mart Grapples with Rfid free essay sample

The first question asks how RFID is related to Wal-Mart’s business model. No insight is given in the text as to what that business model is. I believe the answer can be summed up in their slogan â€Å"always the low price†. Wal-Mart is so huge that they dictate to their suppliers how the supplier will run their own businesses and what Wal-Mart will be charged. For more insight on Wal-Mart and how they do business see â€Å"The Wal-Mart You Don’t Know† at . http://www. astcompany. com/magazine/77/walmart. html The case study indicates that the largest reason Wal-Mart wants RFID tags is to insure that merchandise is on the store shelf instead of the storeroom in the back of the store. Wal-Mart already insists merchandise is delivered to stores on time, every time. Suppliers are benefited if their product is available for sale when a customer wants it. Suppliers are not benefited when a tag costs 40 to 50 cents each and Wal-Mart expects the vendor to absorb t he cost. We will write a custom essay sample on Wal-Mart Grapples with Rfid or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I don’t think suppliers are benefited, just another cost of doing business with Wal-Mart. Wal-Mart suppliers had several problems implementing the RFID systems. First was cost, as mentioned above. Next, the tags did not work well with all merchandise. Certain liquids, metals and porous material interferes with the radio waves. Being new technology, standards have not been written and equipment to use the tags has not been fully developed. Suppliers’ biggest problem was Wal-Mart itself demanding the technology be used, even though it was yet to be proven reliable. Suppliers have been unable or unwilling implement what Wal-Mart requested. With Wal-Marts’ clout, there are probably technical and cost issues that just could not be overcome. Otherwise Wal-Mart’s vendors would have been forced to adopt RFID. The tags are being used in Wal-Mart stores on a limited basis and the phrase â€Å"baby steps† is being attached to the technology. The case study questions are three to four years out of date. A better question today would be if the technology will ever live up to it’s potential in the Wal-Mart environment.

Raindrop Misconception Essays - Fluid Dynamics, Drop, Liquids, Rain

Raindrop Misconception Common Raindrop Misconceptions Raindrops look like teardrops when they fall Gravity pulls the base of the water drop faster than the top All raindrops are the same shape Raindrops look like teardrops when they fall. This is a common misconception for children and adults because of the common artistic representation of rain being in the form of teardrops. Due to this explanation, this misconception would be classified as episodic personal information. This misconception could also be classified as a cultural personal misconception because the artistic representation is a part of our popular culture. Gravity pulls the base of the water drop faster than the top. This is an example of perceptual personal knowledge. Children that have a grasp of gravity, understand that gravity is a force that acts on or against objects. They may take this understanding and apply it to a falling drop of water and assume that the bottom of the drop is affected more so than the top. All raindrops are the same shape. This misconception is very similar to the first. People are led to believe that raindrops all fall in the same shape because of the way they are artistically represented. Therefore, this too is categorized as episodic and cultural personal information. Science Essays

Islam and Christianity Essay Example

Islam and Christianity Essay Example Islam and Christianity Essay Islam and Christianity Essay Islam, which literally means peace, is one of the most largest and influential religion today with about 1.5 billion followers worldwide. Being a monotheistic religion, Islam’s major teaching is the existence of only one God, Allah and that Muhammad, who revealed the completeness of the teachings of Islam, is His last prophet. Other Islamic beliefs include the belief in angels, the Books of God that contains the teaching and Decree of God, messengers of God or the prophets and the Day of Judgment. The followers of Islam, Muslims, have five main duties known as the Five Pillars of Islam: to bear witness that there is no other God but and Allah and Muhammad is His prophet, to pray five times in a day known as the Salat, alms giving or the Zakat, Pilgrimage to Mecca or hajj and fasting during the month of Ramadan or Bukhari. Although a lot of books and many other reading materials had been published regarding the religion of Islam, I strongly believe that there are many things about their faith that cannot be grasp through reading alone.   Also, Islam and Christianity have many similarities as well as differences, thus it is important to compare them so as to evaluate which factor is greater, their similarities or their differences. 2.0 Personal Interview Details In order to better understand the Islamic faith, I interviewed Sh. Jamal H. Said, Imam and Director of the Mosque Foundation, 7360 W. St., Bridgeview, IL. 60455. The Mosque foundation aims to serve the needs of Muslims in different areas such as spiritual, religious and communal needs by nurturing their faith, fostering the wellbeing of their community and upholding their values through worship, education, outreach, charity and civic engagement (The Mosque foundation, 2009). You can also visit their website at mosquefoundation.org/. Preparations had been taken prior to the interview including authorizations, arrangements and materials needed. 3.0 Interview Summary In my interview with Imam Jamal Said, I have gained better understanding of the Islamic faith. I was also able to clarify things that I see troubling regarding the Muslim’s ways, beliefs and practices especially regarding the role of woman in their society and culture. These are the accounts of the information I attain from the interview with Imam Jamal Said. The Islamic faith originated in the time of Adam but its guidelines were prescribed and completed during the prophet hood of Muhammad. Many considers Muhammad to be the founder of Islam but there is no founder per say to the Islamic religion for it has been prescribed by Allah as the religion for all humankind. But it is the Prophet Muhammad that carried the message of the Islamic faith in its complete form and although illiterate, he was a role model in all of his affairs; as a leader, a father, a husband, nephew and friend. It is the teachings of Islam that gave women several rights including the right to inherit, own property and divorce which are not common that time. As Imam Jamal said emphasized, Islam is a complete way of life. The Islamic faith has prescribed two holidays which mark the end of the seasons during which two of the five pillars of Islam are consummated. Eid al-Fitr, marks the end of the fasting the ninth Islamic lunar month of Ramadan. Eid al-Adha, marks the end of the pilgrimage, or Hajj during the 12th Islamic lunar month of Dhul Hijjah. Also, Friday is a blessed day for Muslims because Allah has prescribed it to be the day Muslim’s congregate. Islam and Christianity believe in similar code of beliefs since they worship the same Abrahamic God but differ in their beliefs regarding the divinity of Christ as well as the prophet hood of Muhammad. They also differ in their belief regarding the way of salvation. Imam Jamal Said also stated the key difference between the Sunni and Shiite Muslims is not their creed, but rather their political differences. Shiite Muslims believe in the Imam, which is that some religious figures receive inspiration from Allah according to their lineage to the prophet Muhammad. According to the Islamic faith, men and women have equal footing but are governed by different rules due their natural differences. For example, a woman who is menstruating is excused from performing the five daily prayers and also from fasting during the month of Ramadan. A Muslim woman can divorce her husband if she simply does not like him, while a Muslim man is not given that right. However, sometimes Muslims adopt traditions oppressive to women which are against the commands of Islam but are purely cultural. Islam has forbidden such practices. The Bible is also one of the texts used by Muslims and thus, it is intriguing that they are allowed to practice polygamy although adultery is forbidden by the Bible. Regarding this matter, Imam Jamal said gave emphasis on the difference between polygamy and adultery which the Bible forbids. Polygamy had been a common practice in the time of the Prophet Muhammad and is still acceptable in some cultures today. Islam on the other hand rectified this practice by limiting the number to four and ensuring that women are given their rights and is done in a just manner. Polygamy is different from adultery and Islam also considers adultery as well as incest as a grave sin. Another notable practice of Muslims is that they remove their shoes at home and at the Masjhid. This practice has no religious implications but is only practiced due to their preference since Muslims place their foreheads on the floor during prayer. Indeed, there are things that are better understood not through books or any reading material. My interview with Imam Jamal Said truly deepened my understanding about Islam and Muslims in general. 4.0 Islam and Christianity Islam and Christianity are the two dominating religions in the world today. Although they have differences in their beliefs and practices, they also have many similarities with one another. Let us look at the similarities and differences between the two and weigh whether their differences or similarities are greater than the other. 4.1 Similarities between Islam and Christianity One of the most notable similarities between Islam and Christianity is that they are both monotheistic in nature, they both believe in one God, the creator of heaven and earth. Only God is worthy of worship and idolatry is considered as a very serious sin against God. In the same way, they (Islam and Christianity) also believe that a time will come when God will judge all the people according to their way of life and or beliefs, Judgment Day, where either heaven or hell awaits them. Consequently, they believe that humans have soul or spirit that leaves the body in time of death. Both religions also believe in angels and human messengers of God. Thus, the writing on the holy text of Islam and Christianity, the Quran and the Bible, are revelations from God through His messengers or prophets. Islam and Christianity also have similar practices including prayer, congregational service of worship, charity and fasting. Both believe that prayer as a means of communicating with God, that God had appointed a special day for worship (Friday for Muslims and Sunday for Christians) and that charity as well as fasting carries spiritual reward (Gaudet et al., n.d.). Islam and Christianity’s teaching about prayer, although different in wordings, have the same meaning (Gaudet et al., n.d.).   Both prayers constitute three major parts which are adoration, submission and supplication: adoration on the goodness and divinity of God, submission to His will and supplication for man’s wants and needs (Gaudet et al., n.d.).   In the same way there are a lot of teachings or rather writings in the Quran that are similar to the writings in the Bible like teachings about creation (Quran 35:13 and Genesis 1:14 etc.), the Ten Commandments (Quran 2:53 and Exodus 24:12 etc.) and prohibiting marriage to some degree specifically due to bloodline (Quran 4:22-24 and Leviticus 18:6-18). 4.2 Differences between Islam and Christianity Although both Islam and Christianity are monotheistic in nature and believe in only one God, Christians believe in the trinity of God, God the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, a belief that Muslims strongly reject. The two religions also believe in Jesus but they differ in what they believe. Christians believe that Jesus is human and god at the same time, the son of God and the Virgin Mary, that He was crucified and rose from the dead at the third day, ascended to heaven and seated at the throne of God. This belief is the foundation of the Christian faith. On the other hand, Muslims believe that Jesus is, just like Muhammad, a prophet of God and not the Son of God. They deny His crucifixion as well as the miracles that Christians claim He had performed. Still, Muslims affirm Jesus’ ascension to heaven (Religious Facts, 2009). Their differences in their beliefs about Jesus can be considered as the primary difference that separates Islam and Christianity. Muslims and Christians also differ regarding their belief in the nature of man. According to Christians, man inherits the sin of their forefathers, Adam and Eve, and are thus by nature a sinner. Consequently, a person has to be baptized in order to be cleansed from their inherited sin. On the other hand, Muslims believe that every man has equal ability to do good and evil with their free will and that sin is ones own and cannot be inherited by their descendants. Thus, every man is born pure and sinless. Muslims also believe that no one can atone for the actions of another person. However, a person may ask God for mercy and forgiveness on behalf on another person (Gaudet et al., n.d.). On the other hand, Christians believe that Jesus is the perfect sacrifice and died for the atonement of man’s sin. Although Islam and Christianity are similar regarding the limitations of marriage due to bloodline as mentioned earlier, they still have contradicting views. Muslim men are allowed to marry up to four times as long as they can support their wives and treat them equally (Said, 2010). However, Christians believe that it is a man’s duty to be faithful to his wife and thus should have no other. Another major difference between Islam and Christianity is their belief regarding salvation. Islam teaches that at the Day of Judgment all will be resurrected and taken for a final accounting of their deeds and the same time, the world will meet its end cataclysmically (Fisher, 2005). â€Å"Hell is the grievous destiny of †¦ those who have rejected faith in and obedience to Allah and His Messenger, who are unjust and who do not forbid evil. Hell also awaits the hypocrites who even after making a covenant with Allah have turned away from their promise to give in charity and to pray regularly† (Fisher, 2005). Islam describes hell as â€Å"fire fueled by humans, boiling water, pus, chains, searing winds, food that chokes, and so forth† (Fisher, 2005). Christianity on the other hand emphasizes on the grace and love of God for humanity regarding salvation. John 3:16 says, â€Å"For God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten Son that whoever believes in Him w ill not perished but have eternal life†. The Bible described hell as a burning lake of fiery sulfur. Thus, Muslim salvation lies on their deeds while Christian salvation lies on faith on Jesus. Additionally, Muslims believes that although a believer is sent to hell, he/she will eventually be lifted to paradise and only unbelievers will be left there (Fisher, 2005). In contrast, Christians believe that punishment in hell is eternal. 5.0 Conclusion Indeed there are a lot of texts pertaining to Islam but knowing things personally from a man of the faith is something more. There are things that cannot be learned through reading alone and I have proven this matter through my interview with Imam Jamal Said of the Mosque foundation. Islam and Christianity may have a lot in common regarding their beliefs and practices but the facts show that their differences far outweigh their similarities. The mere fact that they have different view regarding the salvation itself is strong enough to separate the two religions since it is the main purpose of every religion to give salvation to the soul/spirit. Their beliefs regarding the oneness or trinity of God, salvation and matters pertaining to Jesus are the foundation of their faith, something that separates one from the other. References Fisher, M. P. (2005). Living Religions. Upper Saddle River,: Prentice Hall. Gaudet et al. (n.d.). Islam and Christianity: Similarities and Differences. Retrieved July 16, 2010 http://muslim-canada.org/islam_christianity.html Mosque Foundation (2009). About the Mosque Foundation. Retrieved July 16, 2010 from mosquefoundation.org/About-Us/Overview.aspx Religion Facts (2009). Comparison Chart: Christianity and Islam. Retrieved July 16, 2010 from   religionfacts.com/christianity/charts/christianity_islam.htm

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 36

Case Study Example This is especially because part of this is to be completed at home and without proper assistance and instructions for him, this could prove very difficult. Billy has a language helplessness and has limited knowledge of sight words and therefore the short sentences are appropriate to ensure that Billy understands better. Sight words will enhance his language as these words are universally preferred. Using visual cues and tactile like objects and pictures in explaining the concept to help Billy understand the whole concept of earth’s water distribution. In addition, involve the instructor paying more attention to Billy and move at his pace to ensure that he fully comprehend what needs to be done. Use of short sentences when structuring the data will also assist a lot because Billy can understand them better. Using visual cues and tactile like objects and pictures in explaining the concept to help Billy understand the whole concept of earth’s water distribution. In addition involve the instructor paying more attention to Billy and move at his pace to ensure that he fully understand what needs to be done. Use of short sentences when structuring the data will also assist a lot because Billy can understand them better. By using the visual aids in explaining the concept will improve the math ability of Billy and the increased attention given by the instructor to Billy will ensure that he is not left behind by the rest of the class as far as understanding the concept is concerned. Billy has a language disability and also his written expression is correspondently low and therefore requiring him to indicate like the other students what he knows or what he would like to know about the Earth’s water will be very difficult for him. The use of diagrams and charts of the earth and the water cover will first of all spark some interest in Billy and it is also easy to